Lithium-ion batteries are the most established technology for applications ranging from personal electronics to electric vehicles, thanks to their competitive properties, such as high energy density and long lifespan. These characteristics have led lithium-ion batteries to become the gold standard across multiple industries, particularly in those where storing large amounts of energy within a limited volume or weight is essential.  

However, as technology advances, the demand for batteries with higher energy density, along with enhanced performance and safety, is rapidly rising. A major driving force behind this trend is the automotive industry, where over the past decade, the average energy density has risen by over 66%, from 150 Wh/kg to 250 Wh/kg. This rapid progress in battery performance has primarily resulted from R&D efforts on battery materials.