Machine learning force fields (MLFFs) are transforming molecular dynamics simulations by increasing the accuracy and reducing the computational costs of classical simulation techniques, enabling more accurate, efficient simulations across materials science, chemistry and biology.

Solid-state batteries may one day outperform lithium-ion batteries, offering higher energy density, improved safety, and longer lifespans. However, there are still major challenges to overcome before this technology can compete in the global market.

Despite the impact the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) has on the performance of modern batteries, studying it remains a major challenge in battery R&D.